Coors :: essays research papers

The Coors company got started when Adolph Coors and was 15 years old when he tool a ship to New York form Germany in 1868. With his savings and with the helper of a partner, he started developing a brewery. Which took place in 1882. Then he bought his partner out and Adolph Coors started running on his own. As Adolphs come on was going, people started to fight the sins of drinking and along came prohibition. Because of prohibition Adolph turned his brewery into making porcelain and selling malted milk instead of making beer. Adolph during the WWI he had to work truly hard to get drinking legal again because of prohibition. His son Adolph jr. Coors had help his father keep the occupancy and to keep it running in the 1920s. Adolph Jr.s father died in June of 1929, the age of 82, as he was on vacation with his wife. While his wife was trying to get over influenza. They were unsure of his of his death it could have been suicide. But after his death he left his children 2 million d ollars and the brewery. 1933 prohibition was repealed. One of few breweries that actually lasted. During 1933 Adolph Coors Jr. took over the business after his father died. During the great depression Adolph the 3rd got ready to join the brewery business and also Joe and Bill joined too. There was a one-week strike from effort force. Many people thought that Coors discriminated against blacks, women, and homosexuals. Joe and his family plus his business was not publicly scared because of Joe Coors expressing his views and onions open. In the 1977 Coors business workers went on strike against lie detector tests, personal trust, and like searches discrimination everyone protested against Coors beer. It was almost 10 years before the boycotts against Coors ended.

Victorian Dinner Parties :: Victorian Era

prim dinner PartiesVictorian dinner parties where associated with the upper class, not normally the middle class, and were attended by eminent lymph nodes of status. Lord Steyne, a character from the novel Vanity Fair, would ready been pressd to many such parties were he a square person who lived in that Era. The Victorian hostess had to consider three main thingsThe GuestsAt Victorian dinner parties, the hostess invited guests from the upper class of society. Typically, she invited one guest of honor, an eminent gentleman (Margetson 73). She also looked to invite some guests with musical skills or lactateing abilities. The number of manpower and women had to be equal, since every gentleman was given deplumate of a single lady of similar rank whom he was to accompany into the dinning room. During the course of the night, he make sure that she had a pleasant time (Ferguson). matrimony men and women into such couples was easy for the hostess when her guest had a spouse -- si nce she was required by etiquette to invite the spouse of her guest in addition to him - except pairing was more difficult when she invited unmarried persons. When she had a single man at her party, the hostess had the trading of finding him a single woman to entertain though this task was difficult because ladies did not accept invitations unless they had an escort already, for fear of being called fast (Margetson 73).The telescopePairing the guests was not the sole concern of the Victorian hostess. She had to make sure her house was in order, in particular, her parlor and dinning room, since the party was set in those dickens areas. First, guests would assemble in the parlor, where the pairing took place. Then, starting with the highest-ranking guest, all(prenominal) man escorted his lady into the dinning room, which the hostess decorated with opulence. After dinner, the ladies went back into the parlor for tea or coffee, plot of ground the men stayed at the table, talking, drinking and smoking. Next, the men went to give way the women in the parlor. The ones who were too inebriated stayed behind. During this final part of the occasion, guests amused themselves with card games, magic tricks, and musical sport (Ferguson) .The DinnerThe Victorian hostess had a native goal in mind when she held a dinner party, and that purpose was to flaunt her status. She aimed to impress her guests with elaborate dishes.Victorian Dinner Parties Victorian EraVictorian Dinner PartiesVictorian dinner parties where associated with the upper class, not usually the middle class, and were attended by eminent guests of status. Lord Steyne, a character from the novel Vanity Fair, would have been invited to many such parties were he a real person who lived in that Era. The Victorian hostess had to consider three main thingsThe GuestsAt Victorian dinner parties, the hostess invited guests from the upper class of society. Typically, she invited one guest of honor, an eminent gentleman (Margetson 73). She also looked to invite some guests with musical skills or entertaining abilities. The number of men and women had to be equal, since every gentleman was given charge of a single lady of similar rank whom he was to accompany into the dinning room. During the course of the night, he made sure that she had a pleasant time (Ferguson). Pairing men and women into such couples was easy for the hostess when her guest had a spouse -- since she was required by etiquette to invite the spouse of her guest in addition to him - but pairing was more difficult when she invited unmarried persons. When she had a single man at her party, the hostess had the duty of finding him a single woman to entertain though this task was difficult because ladies did not accept invitations unless they had an escort already, for fear of being called fast (Margetson 73).The SettingPairing the guests was not the sole concern of the Victorian hostess. She had to make sure her house was in o rder, in particular, her parlor and dinning room, since the party was set in those two areas. First, guests would assemble in the parlor, where the pairing took place. Then, starting with the highest-ranking guest, each man escorted his lady into the dinning room, which the hostess decorated with opulence. After dinner, the ladies went back into the parlor for tea or coffee, while the men stayed at the table, talking, drinking and smoking. Next, the men went to join the women in the parlor. The ones who were too inebriated stayed behind. During this final part of the occasion, guests amused themselves with card games, magic tricks, and musical entertainment (Ferguson) .The DinnerThe Victorian hostess had a primary goal in mind when she held a dinner party, and that purpose was to flaunt her status. She aimed to impress her guests with elaborate dishes.

Essay --

Abraham Lincoln was born February 12, 1809 in his home in Kentucky. He was given the aforesaid(prenominal) name as his grandfather and he did not have a middle name. Abrahams parents were doubting Thomas and Nancy Lincoln. He had two other siblings. They were Sarah Grigsby and Thomas Jr, but Thomas Jr. died when he was just a baby. When Abraham was 8 his mother Nancy died of milk sickness at the age 34. His father then remarried to Sarah Bush Lincoln. She had already had 3 children. John, Matilda, and Elizabeth. Abraham really liked Sarah. Abrahams father Thomas was very against slavery.Abraham was very smart man but he was only schooled for about a total of 18 months all together. He was homeschooled by his stepmother Sarah. She taught him how to read and write. He would read when he was at home so that he could get out of doing labor with his father, counterbalance though he was very good at using an axe. He even helped his dad make log cabins. Abraham had many different jobs. He was a rail-splitter, a river boatman, and a village postmaster, but none of these jobs satisfied him. At one time he even opened a general break in in Salem, but it failed. He even later became a successful lawyer.In 1832 Lincoln ran for a seat in the Illinois House of Representatives, but he lost. He won the election for State Office in 1934 and was in the Illinois State Legislature from 1834-1842. Abraham served for United States House of Representatives from 1847-1849. When his term was over he travel back to Springfield to practice law. He became a lawyer and a very good one at that. He was given the nickname square Abe because everyone respected him so much. He joined the Republican side since he was against slavery.Abraham wrote the Emancipation Proclamation. The first draft w... ...n. After it Robert, Thomas, and Mary moved to Chicago and he finished his law studies at the University of Chicago. On September 24, 1868, Robert Lincoln married Mary Eunice Harlan. They had tw o daughters and one son. Mary Mamie Lincoln was born October 15, 1869. Abraham Lincoln II was born August 14, 1873. His nickname was Jack. Jessie Harlan Lincoln was born November 6, 1875. Robert was very worried about his mother. He committed her to a psychiatric hospital in Batavia, Illinois in 1875. Mary didnt like this and wrote letters to numerous people trying to show that she shouldnt have to be hospitalized, but Robert stood by what he thought and even the handler of Bellevue told the jury at Marys trial that she would benefit from treatment. With Mary trying to escape from her sons decision her and Robert never fully reconciled and stayed distant from each other.

Remaking Beowulf as a Christian Hero Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essay

Remaking Beowulf as a Christian Hero The bilgewater of Beowulf is full of religious references and symbolism, but is it truly a Christian story? According to the narrative, Beowulf is an instrument of God, an instrument of righteousness called by God to perform His will for the Danes. In stark contrast to his good, is the enemy, Grendel, the incarnation of pure evil. These two characters seem to represent the forces of good versus the forces of evil. It would be easy enough to leave the story that way, but it appears that Beowulf is written intentionally to make the main characters appear more principal(prenominal) by adding Biblical references to the narrative. By creating characters of a Biblical stature, the story as a whole has an added importance. The story was to be important enough that those who told it and those that heard it would never forget the tale. This gruesome creature was called Grendel, notorious prowler of the borderland, r anger of the moors, the fen and the fastness this cursed creature lived in a monsters lair for a cadence after the Creator had condemned him as one of the seed of Cain - the Everlasting Lord avenged Abels murder. Cain had no satisfaction from that feud, but the Creator sent him into exile, far from populace because of his crime. He could no longer approach the throne of grace, that precious place in Gods presence, nor did he feel Gods love. (102-113) Grendel is likened to Cain in this passage, but he seems to show characteristics of the behemoth as well. He is called a prowl... ...ciety. The pagan religions were passing away and being replaced by new traditions and a new religion. Maybe this version of Beowulf is like a remake of an old movie done forty years ago. It had been revamped to fit in with the times. If it had, it was a good idea, b ecause this modernized version of Beowulf has certainly stood the test of time. whole works Cited Blackburn, F.A.. The Christian Coloring in the Beowulf. In An Anthology of Beowulf Criticism, edited by Lewis E. Nicholson. Notre Dame, IN University of Notre Dame Press, 1963. Bloom, Harold. Introduction. In Modern Critical Interpretations Beowulf, edited by Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea mansion Publishers, 1987. Frank, Roberta. The Beowulf Poets Sense of History. In Beowulf - Modern Critical Interpretations, edited by Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.

Will Jamaica Self-Destruct? Essay -- essays papers

Will Jamaica Self-Destruct?Jamaica is an island paradise, located in the northern Caribbean, approximately 145 km south of Cuba and 160 km western of Haiti, with a macrocosm of about 2,553,600 million people in 1997 and a land area of 11,000 km/sq. The country has had a low and steady population growth rate of 1.0 percent in 1997. Tourism is Jamaicas most important industry besides the mining of bauxite (accounts for more than half of exports). It is the countrys largest foreign rallying earner, (generating approximately US$965 million annually) and is still one of its fastest growing industries. These profitable service industries depend on the island and its natural dishpure air, abundant sunshine, and clean sandy beaches. This industry is evidence to the close relationship between economic well being and the quality of the natural environment. You own(prenominal)t gonna miss your water, until your well runs dry.No matter how you treat him, The man will never be satisfied. (Bob Marley, 1980)Tourism is twain Jamaicas largest foreign exchange earner and one of its fastest growing industries. A recent environmental study commissioned by the Organization of American States (OAS) surveyed the natural resource junior-grade (which supports tourism) and concluded that this base is heavily stressed in and around the three main tourist centers (Negril, Montego Bay, and Ocho Rios). The problem is that these areas now support large populations of tourists with high-income lifestyles and these impacts harm both the environment and the people of Jamaica. It could also spoil Jamaica and lead to its own destruction of the land and its deeply engrained culture and roots.Jamaicas natural resourcestropical temperatures, unspoiled beaches, clean C... ...conomy, R 062059Z, July 1994.Government of Jamaica, Organization of American States, Economic Analysis of Tourism in Jamaica, September 1994. Also, visit the web sight http//www.oas.org health Analysis, Country Health Dat a of Jamaica, last revised10/19/99, http//www.paho.org/english/sha/prifljam.html.Myers, Fletcher & Morgan, A lawyers Guide to Jamaica, no date, http//hg.org/guide-jamaica.html , 4/2/00.Seagrasses Policy and Regulation natural Resources Conservation Authority coastal Zone Management Division, April, 1996, http//www.nrca.org, 4/6/00.Water Resources Authority, March 10, 2000, http//www.wra-ja.org/index.htm , 4/2/00.U.S. division of State, Background Notes Jamaica, March 1998. Released by the Bureau of Inter-American Affairs. No author, U.S. Department of State, March 1998, http//www.state.gov/www/background_notes/jamaica_0398_bgn.html

Will Jamaica Self-Destruct? Essay -- essays papers

Will Jamaica Self-Destruct?Jamaica is an island paradise, located in the northern Caribbean, virtually 145 km south of Cuba and 160 km west of Haiti, with a population of about 2,553,600 million people in 1997 and a land ambit of 11,000 km/sq. The country has had a low and steady population growth rate of 1.0 percent in 1997. Tourism is Jamaicas most important fabrication besides the mining of bauxite (accounts for more than half of exports). It is the countrys largest foreign exchange earner, (generating approximately US$965 million annually) and is still one of its fastest ontogenesis industries. These profitable service industries depend on the island and its natural beautypure air, abundant sunshine, and clean sandy beaches. This industry is evidence to the close relationship in the midst of economic well being and the quality of the natural environment. You aint gonna miss your water, until your well runs dry.No matter how you treat him, The man will never be satisfied. (Bo b Marley, 1980)Tourism is both Jamaicas largest foreign exchange earner and one of its fastest growing industries. A recent environmental study commission by the Organization of American States (OAS) surveyed the natural resource base (which supports tourism) and concluded that this base is heavily stressed in and around the three main tourist centers (Negril, Montego Bay, and Ocho Rios). The problem is that these areas now support large populations of tourists with high-income lifestyles and these impacts harm both the environment and the people of Jamaica. It could also spoil Jamaica and lead to its own destruction of the land and its deeply engrained culture and roots.Jamaicas natural resourcestropical temperatures, unspoiled beaches, clear C... ...conomy, R 062059Z, July 1994.Government of Jamaica, Organization of American States, Economic Analysis of Tourism in Jamaica, folk 1994. Also, visit the web sight http//www.oas.orgHealth Analysis, Country Health Data of Jamaica, la st revised10/19/99, http//www.paho.org/english/sha/prifljam.html.Myers, Fletcher & Morgan, A lawyers Guide to Jamaica, no date, http//hg.org/guide-jamaica.html , 4/2/00.Seagrasses Policy and Regulation natural Resources Conservation Authority Coastal Zone Management Division, April, 1996, http//www.nrca.org, 4/6/00.Water Resources Authority, March 10, 2000, http//www.wra-ja.org/index.htm , 4/2/00.U.S. section of State, Background Notes Jamaica, March 1998. Released by the Bureau of Inter-American Affairs. No author, U.S. Department of State, March 1998, http//www.state.gov/www/background_notes/jamaica_0398_bgn.html

Guilt in a Heartbeat

Guilt in a Heartbeat Through the life beat from the Tell-Tale Heart Edgar Allan Poe institutes that all bad deeds rise up with endless guilt. This short story illustrates that the fixing of the cashier, who is an everyday man, drives him to commit murder to an old man that has done no harm nor insult the narrator. This also goes to show that a mans conscience can be his own enemy. The Tell-Tale Heart explores various ideas that reassure the insanity that drove the narrator to commit wild murder, and the narrator provides this information by describing what kind of character he is.Poe also writes in a very effective point of view that allows the audience to deduce completely all the narrators transitions, then the audience is able to see how the background signal of the story fits perfectly in this story, finally Poe is able to create various symbolisms injected in the story that justify the narrators actions. The narrator does not reveal a specific name, but does reveal that he is a cargon presenter to the old man which is the only identity given in the short story.Through the short story its shown that the narrator is not a dynamic character, because at the beginning of the story he is insane and at the end he is still insane, which reveals that the character has no change or growth throughout the undivided story. But the only part where he develops a kind of change and growth is when the narrator hears the corpses heartbeat from beneath the story he screams in agony saying Villains Dissemble no more I admit the deed tear up the planks here, here it is the beating of his hideous heart (Poe 18) which makes him a conscious of the big mistake and horrible crime he has committed. This small change and growth of the main character is very visible in the story due to the point of view that the story is being told. The point of view of the story is very effective because the Tell-Tale Heart is written in foremost person. The narrator is the main characte r in the story, which allows the reader to explore and view in a deeper way the feelings, thoughts, and macabre imaginations of him.The narrator also helps the reader agnise in which moment the story is being told because the story begins in the middle where the narrator is trying to convince the police man that he has done no wrong in the house and trying to make them believe that the old man is in vacations out of the country. The point of view takes us to see the setting of the story that helps the narrator to feel more comfortable. The setting of the story is very important.The narrator has a comfortable way of walking through the house corresponding it was his own. What shows that he is comfortable is that he takes a full hour to open the door just enough to fit his head, which makes him seem very insane with an fixation that is not letting him go to sleep or at least not spy to the old man. The house allows the narrator to create a darker aura in which he is able to kill, dismember, and bury the old mans body.The nature of each character is very different, because the old man with a missed nature is not able to take care of himself, or even live by himself. On the contrary the narrator reveals himself to be a selfish, crazy, and a lonely person that is not able to coexist well with other people. Edgar Allan Poe was able to give great symbols in the Tell-Tale Heart. The vulture eye is what starts driving the narrator insane, because the narrator does not have interest in the old mens money nor has the old man done bad to the narrator.The eye symbolizes the coercion the narrator has, which indicates the insanity and craziness of him. The caution that the narrator has while going into the old mans room symbolizes that the narrator has a true obsession over the old mans eye. The narrator has a goal and he will do anything to complete the murder. The narrator cannot even sleep or do his regular duties just to be thinking and being horrified by the old m ans vulture eye.The last symbol that it was in this short story is the heart beat at the end of the story where he hears a heartbeat through the wooden floor while the policemen are there. That symbolizes his guilt where he finds himself feeling bad and rather to be dead than to keep listening to the olds mans heart that it is buried under the floor he expresses this by screaming But anything was better than this agony and I could bear those hypocritical smiles no longer I felt that I moldiness scream or die (Poe 17).The human mind can be a wonderful and terrible thing. People are soon to forget the commodity but continue to be haunted by the bad. The narrators mind did not allow him to forget the deeds that he was just lately so proud of. They haunted him by means of a beating heart, that although was only in his mind, he believed it was real. Work Cited Poe, Edgar A. The Tell-Tale Heart. 2010. Literature an Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama and Writing. By X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. New York Pearson-Longman, 2010. 36-40. Print.

Staple Remover Components

Components and the Materials of Parts The formation of the staple remover is based on performance and durability without extra useless parts. The materials that form the tool argon managed properly to minimize total costs while maximizing the production rates. There are four main parts wedges, spring, handle and pin axle. The Wedges of staple Remover The staple remover is comprised of two wedges on shaft. These engaged wedges are usually made from chrome-plated steel, because it is not only harder than the material of the staple, but also tough enough to last the force applied to extract it.Although the chrome-plated steel using provides these benefits, it shows mild rust-resistance in very moist environments. However, this disadvantage of the material can be ignored, because the staple remover is produced to be used in offices generally. The expander spring is another important part that brings these wedges back to its original opened state. Also, it is usually made from chrome-pl ated steel like the wedges to prevent every possible failures through metal fatigue in continued use.The handles/grips of the staple remover are important for the usage, but it does not have any functional roles for the level of the device. The grips provide easy use for users, because people do not have to hold cold and tough metal surface. Grips are largely made from shaping materials which are the most proper choose with its cheapness and formability. The pin axle is a cylindrical cross member which gives the wedges ability to rotate. It is made of stainless steel, which have high rust-resistance in places that have been worn by contact with other metals.

Communications Persuasive Essay Essay

Specific purpose I would like to persuade my consultation that drug test screenings should be mandatory in order for well-being recipients to receive their money.IntroductionAttention material How many if you thrust jobs? How many if the heap with jobs like to see a huge chunk of their check MIA due to postulate and federal taxes? And how many of you like pick outing that that chuck of your check thats missing could very well be tone ending towards someones drug addiction?Thesis Statement By enforcing a mandatory drug test to all welfare recipients, you ensure that hard working peoples tax dollars are macrocosm used the correct ways, and non being used to support a drug addiction,Preview Today I will inform you on the pros of drug testing welfare recipients, how many states energise already passed this practice of jurisprudence, how many states are trying to pass the law, the cons of the drug testing, and what we can do to out this plan into action.BodyI. What benefits would drug testing welfare recipients have on our country?A. David Vitter of U.S. unuseds Weekly states, by drug testing welfare recipients, it would ensure that all hardworking taxpayers money Id going to get used in the correct and intended way. The nation is already in enough debt of more than $14 trillion, does it make much sense to be wasting tax money on illegal drugs and dishonest welfare recipients? That makes no sense at all (Vitter, 2011)B. Enforcing drugs testing will also labour drug users or addicts that are looking for financial attention to get help before receiving money that would have been used to feed their ongoing addiction (Vitter, 2011) By coming up with a plan to make drug user go to rehabilitation centers and treating their addiction before they receive financial assistance from the government will cause people to either get better first, or not have the opportunity to take the tax money and desert it on illegal drugs anyway.ll. Where in the United States has this law been implemented?A. Many states have tried very hard to get the drug testing law put into place and used effectively but not all have succeeded. In fact single 7 of the 29 that have proposed the law have had it passed in their state. The states that have the law include Florida, Utah, Michigan, Tennessee, Arizona, Missouri, and Oklahoma. Many of the states that haveMercado 3tried to get this law into effect include North Dakota, Arkansas, New Hampshire, Texas, Kansas, Maine, Wyoming, and Virginia (National, 2013)III. What are the possible cons to drug testing welfare recipients?A. Two Michigan mothers, both on welfare argue that the drug testing law in effect in their state is it if constitutional grounds. Tanya Marchwinski, one of these mothers states, Just because we are lower income we are singled out. Makes me feel like Im doing something wrong and Im constantly being watched. (Cannon, 1999)B. Many states that have tried passing the drug testing law have failed be cause it is deemed unconstitutional. Due to the simple fact that the state representatives cannot assume all welfare applicants or recipients are drug users or addicts. Being able to pass these laws would take the conditions being changed to drug testing only taking place if state representatives suspect drug use in a welfare applicant or recipient.IV. A proposal on welfare reformA. Domenick Basolo the president of Good for Society, proposes a structure somewhat like the Three-Strikes Law Strike 1- Failing the given drug test when applying for welfare follows in providing written documentation for agreeing to signing up for a rehabilitation program. Strike 2- Must submit random drug screening, and provide proof once a week to attending rehabilitation programs. Strike 3- YOURE OUT The failure to adhere to the following conditions and opportunities given will result in loss of pecuniary resource to recipient, and possible household search to rule in or out of potential child negligen ce (Basolo, 2013).ConclusionA. There are many opinions on the welfare reform and whether or not to require applicants and recipients for submit a drug test and pass the drug test to relieve funds. However not all ideas or opinions would be acceptable in this country, because most ideas are deemed unconstitutional. Nevertheless, it is very evident a reform in welfare is much needed. Its just now about finding an acceptable way to reform it without creating controversy. Personally, as a hard working tax payer, I would like to know my tax dollars are going to the right things theyre intended for, not just to support a drug addict and at the same quantify neglect innocent childrens needs for daily life items.

Araby Interpretive James Joyce

Araby Araby is a short story about a young son that falls in love that has little or no experiences on the subject he in turn gets to feel for himself some of the follies that come on with it. Firstly we see the awkwardness the boy demonstrates around his crush. This boy who remains nameless throughout the story we see follow around a little lady friend and spy on her, this in my books isnt a great way to get the ladies, but on the other hand he is just a boy and the story took place over one hundred years ago so Im thinking this might get hold of been ok back then so I guess Ill give him a break.Next they finally meet late at night in a dark room by chance and the young boy is speechless cigarett even remember what he says at first when the girl asks if hes way out to Araby, but he does vow on bringing something back for her. Id say thats reasonable, something I have done for a girl I liked, I have also been painfully nervous around a crush so I can relate. Now hes on a mission putting all the parts in play, he gets permission to attend Araby, then the foreknow of funding from his uncle to complete the task at hand to win his loves heart.Hes ready to go got everything in order but something doesnt go mightily and his uncle comes home awfully late, but the boy pushes to go no matter what hes made up his mind and hes going something all of us can relate to at one point or another. Finally getting off the train alone he arrives at Araby, he makes is way to the market only to find most of the booths closed he approaches one but sees only English tea sets and pottery, shortly afterward that the lights go out and he stands there in the dark feeling angry and disappointed.I think he was just wasnt mature enough to mass with the situation he was out of his element at Araby, he should be in church, school or playing, hes too young to be concerned about this kind of stuff, but at least now hes learned a lesson that love its tough and things dont always go the w ay you plan, we have all been there and it sucks and even though what happened to this boy is tiny on the grand scale of relationships it can tranquil hurt.

Managment Diversity

?WORKPLACE DIVERSITY Introduction In modern times, form focus has been brought to the forefront of government activityal issues delinquent to factors such as orbicularisation and the emerge cultural and individual differences that emerge as a result of this diverse world. The purpose of this paper will be to explore the topic of variety show as it relates to the study by discussing perspectives from union classifys and HRM practitioners and to investigate the barriers to call onplace vicissitude.Through the discussion, the advantages of mixture will be discussed with an emphasis on the implications for the HR function of the formation. Overview Workplace diversity relates to the presence of differences among members of the men (DNetto & Sohal, 1999). By creating a diverse workforce governing bodys are able to tap the ideas, creativity, and potential contributions inherent in a diverse workforce (Aghazadeh, 2004). assortment in the body of work includes culture, gend er, nationality, sexual orientation, physical abilities, social class, age, socio-eco nary(prenominal)ic status, and religion (Sadri & Tran, 2002).These individual characteristics shape an individuals perception about their milieu and how they express (Kramar, 1998). Organisations can approach diversity is three differing ways affirmative action, valuing diversity and managing diversity. Affirmative action attempts to monitor and control diversity in an transcription and in doing so senior management can affect the hiring and promotion of individuals (Sadri & Tran, 2002. ) An brass instrument assumes new individuals or groups will adapt to the norms of the organisation, and will not hold due to fears of reverse discrimination (Sadri and Tran, 2002).Valuing diversity can allow an organisation can focus of the benefits of the differences, therefore developing an environment where all individuals are valued and legitimate (Sadri & Tran, 2002). Those members who feel valued to the ir organisation tend to be harder working, more touch on and innovative (Agahazadeh, 2004). Valuing Diversity can affect employees attitudes positively, however resistance can be experienced due to a fear of change and individuals discomfort with differences (Sadri & Tran, 2002. ) Finally, managing diversity is when organisations build pecific skills and grow policies which find the best values of each employee, which will create new ways of working together (Sadri & Tran, 2002). It will provide an opportunity for organisations to manage a workforce which emphasises both organisational and individual action, whilst still acknowledging individual of necessity (Kramar, 1998). Although diversity has always existed in organisations, individuals tend to repress their diversity in order to conform to the norms of the organisation and fit into the stereotype of the typical employee (Kramar, 1998).Mismanagement of diversity as a result of unfavourable treatment can inhibit employees wor king abilities and motivation, which can lead to a lowered chore performance (Aghazadeh, 2004). If an environment works well for employees, diversity will work against the organisation, hence the lack of an enabling environment (Kramar, 1998). These fundamental components of workplace diversity can be advertise viewed through the varying perspectives of union groups, HRM professionals and organisations.PERSPECTIVES AND RATIONALES ON WORKPLACE DIVERSITY From a union perspective Historically the role of unions concentrated mainly on the weightlift for higher wages, shorter hours and better working conditions. However in recent years a shift has occurred to fighting rights for a diverse workforce (Barrile & Cameron, 2004). vigilance aims to maximize the contribution of all staff to work towards organisational objectives through forming guiding teams for diversity, training to improve languages and celebrating success.Unions however, implement diversity disparately (Barrile & Camer on, 2004). A feminine approach to lead has been undertaken to broaden a diverse representation. For instance, under the management of CEO Brian Schwartz, Ernst & Young Australia has doubled the number of female partners to ten per cent, made changes to a blokey culture and introduced a womens leadership forum, among other initiatives (Robbins, Bergmann, Coulter & Stagg, 2006). Women union leaders tie diversity in leadership to long-term union survival, articularly in light of the concussion that diversity has on organising successes and plusd visibility of unions to potential female members. Most of these leaders expressed a sense of urgency about the need to glide path women and saw continuing barriers that prevented women from entering and remaining in top positions (Mellor et al. , 2003). To overcome such barriers implementations such as commitment to advancing women in the workforce and encouraging internal structures to activate women have been undertaken by unions worldwi de (Melcher, Eichstedt, Eriksen, Clawson, 1992).Unions have officially recognised caucuses or other groups that permit great deal of different colour, including women, to discuss issues of concern at heart their union as well as in the larger workplace and community (Mellor et al. , 2003). Unions have provided mentoring and leadership training programs. Efforts undertaken by unions to foster diversity have resulted visible changes at all levels of leadership. The remaining task is to make those changes bigger and more permanent.The fact that there is more to do does not mean there is failure it simply means reinforcing longstanding labour movement commitments to dignity, justice and equal opportunity for all working people (Melcher, Eichstedt, Eriksen, Clawson, 1992). Building on the rationale provided by different union groups, HR practitioners also recognise the importance of promoting a diverse workplace and recognise the intrusion on transmission line goals. From an HRM pers pective There are legion(predicate) HRM perspectives that relate to diversity management in organisations.Most of these HRM perspectives lead towards the contention that a happy diversity management policy can lead to a more competitive, functional organisation. In light of the perspectives and rationales discussed in the HRM literature, there a range of implications for HR managers concerning diversity in the workplace. Management of diversity relates to equal employment opportunity, but effective diversity management goes beyond the basic requirements of an equal opportunity workplace (Barrile & Cameron, 2004). It is important for HR to determine an effective diversity management policy to be able to encourage a more iverse workplace. The most important play for senior HR managers is to consider how diversity will benefit the organisation and how to define its role in the context of the organisation (Kreitz, 2008). An organisations diversity policy should aim to establish an he terogeneous workforce that is able to work to its full capacity in an environment where no member, or for that matter group of members, have an advantage or disadvantage based on their individual differences (Torres & Bruxelles, 1992, as cited in DNetto & Sohal, 1999).In exercising their role, HR managers must evermore apply the principles of diversity in order to maximise and sustain the benefits of a diverse workforce. This means HR managers need to be able to link recruitment, selection, using and retention policies to the overall diversity policy of the organisation (Yakura, 1996). Furthermore, the aforementioned should be carried out with a direct link to the overall business goals, the various shifts in the labour market as well as the more contemporary effects of globalisation (Cunningham & Green, 2007).There are three initiatives that an organisation should utilise to increase the efficiency of its diversity policy. Firstly, there is a need for HR, when recruiting, to incr ease the representation in the workplace of historically excluded groups (Conrad & Linnehan, 1995). Secondly, the diverse workforce needs to have the requisite empowerment to influence, or at least have input to organisational decision making (Cunningham & Green, 2007). More strategic implications for diversity management exist that recognise the issue of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM).Such implications include building diversity strategies into an overall future success plan, integrating diversity practices with senior management practices and encouraging career development opportunities for all employees (Cunningham & Green, 2007). Ultimately, managing diversity should promote competitive edge in the organisation by recruiting the most appropriate people for the melodic line regardless of their perceived differences (DNetto & Sohal, 1999). From an organisational perspective ANZ and WestpacANZ Bank has responded to the common trends of the Australian workforce with p rograms to attract and retain a diverse environment that reflects their customer base (ANZ, 2008). An organisation is focused on creating an inclusive culture where all employees are able to contribute, as they believe that diversity and inclusion are essential for high business performance (ANZ, 2008). By managing diversity indoors the organisation, ANZ is provided with the best talent and a wide variety of experience to achieve success within a global workforce.Similarly, Westpac is determined to enable a diverse workforce that reflects their customers (Westpac, 2008). Westpac has created a culture that understands values and utilises the differences within people, where people can achieve success without encountering bias or being harassed because of gender, race or disability (Westpac, 2008). Both organisations have made efforts to create a diverse working environment through varying HRM practices. For example, HRM within ANZ created the My Difference survey which surveyed more than 13, 500 employees (ANZ, 2008).Within this survey, HR is able to develop a demographic snapshot of the workforce and gather feedback on how their employees perceive diversity and inclusion within the organisation. ANZ also founded the Diversity Council, which introduces policies and sponsors events to create a more inclusive culture (ANZ, 2008). The council attempts to increase awareness by funding events like International Womens Day and Disability Awareness Week (ANZ, 2008). HR in both organisations has implemented a range of human imaginativeness strategies.Disability awareness, plans in both companies outline strategies to increase support and inclusion for customers and staff of the organisation, which include premises being wheelchair accessible (Westpac, 2008 ANZ, 2008). Westpac is also partnered with Disability whole shebang Australia to recruit people with disability to remain a balanced environment (Westpac, 2008). Secondly, to promote age balance, mature age emplo yees are offered flexible working conditions to subject their changing lifestyle (ANZ, 2008). Culturally both banks have planned to help indigenous Australians improve their wellbeing and money management skills.ANZ celebrates cultural diversity by holding Annual Cultural Week (ANZ, 2008). Westpac reflects different cultures by employing members who are able to speak different languages to better understand the customers (Westpac, 2008). To promote flexibility, Westpac has different job designs for individuals circumstances, including versatile working hours, job sharing abilities, the ability to work from home, to have career breaks and paid parental leave and affordable childcare at work (Westpac, 2008). On a wider rganisational level, ANZ and Westpac both face a number of popular trends that continue to change the Australian workforce. These include the Australian population becoming progressively more ethically diverse with 23% of the population born overseas (ANZ, 2008). The population is also ageing and is predicted that in 43 years around 25% of Australias population will be aged 65 year or older and the number of women in the workforce has increased from 40% in 1979 to 53% in 2004 (ANZ, 2008). Based upon the actions taken by ANZ and Westpac in this regard, organisations are recognising the benefits of a diverse workplace.The strategies by both companies to increase the representation of women in the workforce, as well as increasing the representation of diverse others, corresponds with the views of both union and non-governmental organisations as well as the perspectives provided through the HRM literature. BARRIERS TO WORKPLACE DIVERSITY Diversity within an organisation can be difficult and expensive to accomplish. Substantial barriers exist in both overcoming laws related to workplace diversity, the actual process of implementing it within an organisation and also the internal characteristics of the individual.The current legislation related to wor kplace diversity essentially creates an environment in which employers cannot recruit purely on the basis of a coveted attribute. The main acts concerned are the Racial Discrimination numeral (1975), the Sex Discrimination Act (1984), the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act (1984), the Occupational Health and Safety (Commonwealth Employment) Act (1991), the Disability Discrimination Act (1991) and the Workplace Relations Act (1996) (Williams, 2001. These laws essentially shape a scenario for employees where if a desired attribute is sought after, the job must be made appealing to that particular group of people without impairing the opportunity for any other group to obtain the position under the requirements of the legislation. An example of this is Westpacs initiative to entice more women into their workforce by implementing training programs relating to gender differences in communication and career patterned advance (Westpac, 2008. ) However, once a company like Westpac overcomes these hurdles, there are still many practical ssues that need to be addressed on an organisational level. If a diversity program is unlikely to be profitable it will not be implemented (Bilimoria, Joy, & Liang, 2008). The monetary benefits (such as new customers, better culture and strategic advantage) involved in implementing such diversity need to outweigh the costs (gaining diversity at the expense of skill) involved in pursuing it. The HR department within the organisation has a difficult task in convincing senior management that a diversity program can be in force(p) to the organisation (DNetto & Sohal, 1999).The argument often provided by senior management against workplace diversity is that it is disruptive to productivity and causes imbalance in the workplace (DNetto & Sohal, 1999). As a result, the HR function need to be able to present the many advantages of diversity, and provide strong strategic reasoning to ensure that an effective diversity manageme nt is implemented. An organisation may also have barriers imbedded in their practices, culture and policies (Bilimoria, Joy, & Liang, 2008). Resolving these issues has benefits for both the legality of the operating of the organisation and the multiplicity of their workforce.If senior management participated in except male orientated social events, such as attending the football, it may alienate women who generally may not participate in such events. policy can also break both legality and potential for diversity by enforcing requirements such as 10 years continual service to an organisation in order to receive promotion into senior management. This continual service factor discriminates against women who are likely to have children, as it will exclude many from the opportunity to obtain the job.However, it is the individual differences within each person that provide the biggest challenge to achieving diversity. Individual differences amongst people are a major hurdle to workplac e diversity, as most people feel comfortable when working in homogeneous groups (Kreitz, 2008). The presence of diverse others places employees outside of their comfort zone and makes people resist embracing the presence of others. Furthermore, research by Kreitz (2008) shows that humans, and organisations as well, are in nature highly resistant to change, further complicating the successful implementation of diversity.Another individual, and highly problematic, barrier to diversity is the language barrier that exists to culturally diverse others. This prevents, and in some cases discourages, the full integration of cultural differences within organisations (Kreitz, 2008). Diversity is clearly beneficial to the organisation. Managing diversity should involve utilising the cultural differences in peoples skills and embracing the diverse range of ideas and skills that exist in a diverse workplace in order to ultimately give the organisation a competitive edge.Benefits to diversity cle arly outweigh the costs and evident advantages to workplace diversity are support by various union groups and HRM practitioners. In order to be successful, diversity must be implemented within a strict legal poser and overcome hurdles relating to the practices and policies of organisations, as well as internal, individual barriers. REFERENCES Aghazadeh, SM 2004, Managing workforce diversity as an essential resource for improving organizational performance, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 1-6 ANZ 2008, viewed 10 September , 2008, http//www. anz. com Australian Bureau of Statistics 2008, viewed 10 September, 2008, http//www. abs. gov. au Barrile, S & Cameron, T 2004, Business Management Corporate management, people and change. Macmillan Education, Melbourne, VIC. Bilimoria, D, Joy, S, & Liang, X 2008, Breaking barriers and creating inclusiveness Lessons of organizational transformation to advance women faculty in academic science a nd engineering, Human Resource Management, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 423-441 Cox Jr. T & Blake, S 1991, Managing cultural diversity implications for organizational competitiveness. Academy of Management Executive , vol. 5, no. 3,pp. 45-56. Cunningham, DD & Green, D 2007, Diversity as a Competitive Strategy in the Workplace Journal of Practical Consulting, vol. 1, no. 2, pp 51-55. DNetto, B & Sohal, A 1999, Human resources practices and workforce diversity an data-based assessment, International Journal of Manpower, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 530-547. Konrad, A & Linnehan, F 1995, Formalized human resource management tructures Coordinating equal opportunity or privateness organizational practices, Academy of Management Journal, No. 38, pp 787 820. Kramar, R 1998, Managing diversity beyond affirmative action in Australia, Women in Management Review, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1-11 Kreitz, PA 2008, crush Practices for Managing Organisational Diversity The Journal of Academic Librarianship, vol. 34, no . 2, pp 101-120. Mellor, Steven, Kath, Lisa, Bulger, Carrie, 2003 Bilingualism Relationships with Willingness to Participate in Union Activities, Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 25 (1) 95-109 Melcher, D. Eichstedt, J. , Eriksen, S. , Clawson, D. , (1992) Womens Participation in local anaesthetic Union Leadership The Massachusetts Experience, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 45, 267-280 Lepadatu, D &Thompson, T, 2008, viewed 15 September, 2008, http//www. allacademic. com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/2/2/8/6/pages22860/p22860-1. php Robbins, S, Bergman, R, Stagg, I and Coutler, M 2006, Management, 4th edn, Pearsons Education Australia, NSW. Sadri, G & Tran, H 2002, Managing your diverse workforce through improved communication, Journal of Management Development, vol. 21, no. , pp. 227-237 Westpac, 2008, viewed 10 September, 2008, http//www. westpac. com. au Westpac. (2008). Diversity and women in management. Viewed 21 September, 2008, http//www. westpac. com. a u/Internet/Publish. nsf/content/WICREMCS+Diversity+and+women+in+management Williams, H. (2001). Guidelines on Workplace Diversity. Viewed September 20, 2008,http//www. apsc. gov. au/publications01/diversityguidelines. pdf Yakura, E 1996, EEO law and managing diversity, in E Kossek & S Lobel (ed. ), Managing Diversity Human Resource Strategies for Transforming the Workplace, pp 25 30

Dbq: the Black Plague

AP europiuman History August 31, 2012 DBQ The Black Plague From the late medieval geological era to the enlightenment a series of plagues devastated European society, economy, and social/political structure. Reaction toward the calamity ranged from rational and proactive to irrational, egoistic, and even criminal. Over alto make growher, the human devastation revealed a growth over time in government role and the role of the educated class in serving society, while uncovering a persistent criticism of the upper classes and the viridity great deal. The plague illiated a growing rational and proactive response, by the state and educated class.In 1512 Erasmus, a Christian humanist who prepared a new interlingual rendition of the Latin and Greek testament, he was also known for his techniques using humanism to write his texts, proposed a scientific explanation blaming uncleanliness for the plague (Doc 2). The plague was carried around by rats which contributed to the dispersion o f the bacillus. The areas that were the most susceptible to the plague where those with the most famine. In 1571 Heinrich von Staden, count of the Palestine, observed some of the cardinal consequences of the plague such as roads existence guarded so that septic nation didnt move from the infected area (Doc 5).The closing of roads led to a disruption in affair through pop Europe. This had a major impact on economy. Only upper class people were able to submit to the expenses required if they got infected. In 1576 Motto of Giovan Filippo, physician who is believed to be the first person to begin described chicken pox, concluded that diseased had to be in quarantine, citizens who violated health regulations had to be punished and all infected items had to be burned (Doc 6). Not everyone could afford to pay quarantine and the ones who could pay for it were those who didnt need it.The people who were the most affected were the peasants and they couldnt afford it. By the 15th and 16 th centuries the educated class started finding new techniques to treat the diseased. In 1630 Father Dragoni, priest, helped by assisting the needed and providing economic supplies (Doc 9). This auxiliary grounds was useful to many and made of him an example to others. In 1647 H. de Rochas, French physician, believed that hanging toads around the patient necks would draw out the poison (Doc 10). Many physicists such as Rochas were trying to find a cure.The plague also brought irrational and egoistic responses by different levels of society. In 1484 a schoolmaster at Deventer, when asked how his school was doing he responded by saying that only 20 of his students were killed (Doc 1). During this period in time only upper class citizens were capable of affording private schools. The rich didnt have the necessity to go out of their houses. For this reason students wouldnt go to school anymore and that way less upper class people were getting infected.In 1523 Nicholas Versoris, author, pointed out how rich people could fly away of the infected area leaving behind the poor (Doc 3). This type of people didnt care about the rest, they egoistically eyeshot and worried only about themselves. The people left behind were the most susceptible ones to getting infected. During the 15th and 16th centuries the upper class society was simmer garbage down blinded acknowledging reality. In 1656 Sir John Reresby, traveler, decided to travel to Italy knowing about the plague and religiously trusting his god that he wouldnt get infected (Doc 12).Many upper class people didnt care or didnt take serious the severity of the plague. Most would travel all over Europe without caring if the disease was being expanded by them. In 1624 Lisabetta Centenni, common housewife, proposed that supernatural forces had cures his husband (Doc 7). During this era there were many people that were blinded by the church making them believe in forces out of the human sight and understanding. This kind of cogitate let to people avoiding medical treatment because of religion. Such reasoning was introduced to the population by the church and its over leading power.In 1635 Nehemiah Wallington, English puritan, gave sight to his egoistic reasoning by listing the way he thought the governing body would take his family and by leaving him at last (Doc 8). In 1720 M. Bertrand, physician at Marseilles, is proposing that the plague has been caused by an angry god rather than natural causes (Doc 16). During this era there were many pagan people left that believed that everything was caused by the gods. This way of reasoning that led many to die praying to a god instead of smell for real remedies. People had really strong beliefs towards pagan gods.To those people the gods were the ones that directed every single part of their life. If some natural disaster occurred this kind of people wouldnt think irrationally and would say their gods were angry at them. Criminal and social collapse was another major cause of the plagues caused by common people and the educated class. In 1583 Johann Weyer, German physician who was one of the first to be against witch persecution , said that people were getting paid to spread the plague so that the heirs of the dead and diseased obtained their inheritances (Doc 4). Such criminal acts were common and many people died from it.In 1651 Miguel Parets, Barcelona tanner, published that nurses were abundant during the time of the plagues so they would kill their patients in order to get their payment (Doc 11). Criminal levels were rising and people didnt know who to trust anymore. Most people from the low classes were growing corrupt or with the necessity of having to luxate or kill for food. In 1665 Samuel Pepys, English bureaucrat, said that people werent buying wigs anymore because they were afraid to get infected (Doc 13). Economy was going down because of the plague. People were afraid to buy and many werent even aloud in the roads.I n 1722 Daniel Defoe, A Journal of the Plague Year, said that all trade stop between them and other trading nations of Europe because they were all afraid of getting infected (Doc 14). Trade had officially collapsed for the infected area. No other nation wanted to risk their citizens health by buying goods from this area. In 1696 Emperor Leopold commissioned the Plague Column in gratitude for the end of the plague (Doc 15). The image shows a man knelt on the right side illustration praying and looking towards the sky were angels and saints are flying. On the left side of the image is a bible.

How Does Temperature Affect Lipase

How does temperature modify the enumerate of reaction for Lipase? As the temperature add-ons, so go forth the rate of enzyme reaction. However, as the temperature exceeds the optimum the rate of reaction depart decrease. I predict that at temperatures above 70C the enzyme lipase will become denatured and at temperatures below 10C the enzyme will become inactive. Since lipase ope judge in spite of appearance the compassionate body Id excessively predict that its optimum temperature would be close to forgiving body temperature which is approximately 37C.I predict that earlier the optimum temperature the rates will gradu on the wholey increase and preceding the optimum at that place will be a drastic decrease in rate until the enzyme is denatured. I predict that the rate of enzyme activity at 45C will be half that of 30C. I predict that the rate of enzyme activity at 45C will be half that of 30C. draw good manners of http//www. rsc. org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/en zymes. htm Diagram adroitness of http//www. rsc. org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/enzymes. htmIn my compriseled assessment I will be investigating the activity of lipase on milk fat at various temperatures so that I understructure therefore find an straight temperature as to when the enzyme works at its optimum when it becomes inactive and when it denatures. To find when the enzyme denatures is to find place when the bonds of this protein molder and henceforth disable the enzyme from being of any further use. When these bonds break, the protein starts to unfold and loses roughly its properties. For example, a denatured protein usu in ally becomes less soluble. As an enzyme, it will lose its powerfulness to function as a catalyst.If the stress that is ca utilize the denaturation continues, opposite deepens may occur. Now that the normal structure of the protein is g unrivalled, new bonds may be formed, giving it a different spring. The bonds broken in a denatured en zyme is that of which links the polymers to form the amino acids. This nitty-gritty that if lipase were to denature at the higher temperatures it will then coiffe inactivity in breaking down the fat of the milk hence leaving the unchanged. In this investigating, however, there atomic number 18 numerous factors as to what can affect the investigations results.First of all, the temperature of the room can play a role in altering the results as it can change the temperature of both the beginning and lipase. Moreover if one were to supervene the resolvent or lipase to another part of the room, or to carry out the investigation on a different day, the temperature surrounding the solution and lipase will change and henceforth change the temperature of the solution and lipase. Secondly, if the temperature of the pee bath isnt precisely the temperature it is supposed to be then, as expected, would change.Thirdly, the age of the limit can affect the concentration of the substrates which would then decrease the rate of reaction with lipase. Finally, there is the factor of human error, as we may not be capable of making perfect amountments consistently the amounts of each component will inevitably change, which would in effect change the results. Of this investigation our independent variable will be the rate of reaction, which we will measure by timing how long it would take for the solution to put out white after having the lipase poured in.Our dependent variable will be the time it takes for the solution to turn pink after having the lipase poured in. Our haltled variable is that of will be all other factors. Enzyme Diagram courtesy of http//students. cis. uab. edu/clight/finalprojectwhatisanenzyme. html Diagram courtesy of http//students. cis. uab. edu/clight/finalprojectwhatisanenzyme. html An enzyme is a jot that changes the speed of reactions. Enzymes can build up or break down other elements. The molecules they react with ar called substrates enz ymes atomic number 18 catalysts.An enzyme works by allowing a substrate, or multiple substrates, to enter the active turn up, which is where the reaction takes place, and then to exit in either more than or less pieces then it was when it first entered. The active turn up is unique to a specific substrate which authority that other substrates cannot react with that enzyme unless the enzyme is modified. An active site can be altered by a non-competitive enzyme which encircles the enzyme and alters the shape of the active site which could be very dangerous. Diagram courtesy of http//www. wiley. com/college/boyer/0470003790/reviews/kinetics/kinetics_effec ors. htm Diagram courtesy of http//www. wiley. com/college/boyer/0470003790/reviews/kinetics/kinetics_effectors. htm Note that the enzyme remains unchanged so that more of the some substrates can react. Note that the enzyme remains unchanged so that more of the some substrates can react. Structure Proteins atomic number 18 poly mers get out by joining up small molecules called amino acids. Amino acids and proteins are made mainly of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Protein Protein Amino Acid Amino Acid Each gene acts as a code, or set of instructions, for making a particular protein.They tell the cell what to do, give its characteristics, and determine the way its body works. Each protein has a unique age of amino acids. This means that the number and post of amino acids is different for each type of protein. The proteins fold into different shapes. The different shapes and sequences give the proteins different functions, e. g. keratin are a fibrous protein found in hair and nails. If the gene has even the slightest of disorder within its sequence it could lead to an inaccurate order of amino acids and so a faulty protein or in our case faulty enzymes.Substrate concentration An enzyme has an active site where it binds the molecule (or molecules) it acts upon the enzyme then catalyses a chemical reaction involving that molecule (or those molecules). That molecule (or those molecules) is called the enzymes substrate. So the substrate concentration is the concentration of the molecules an enzyme works on. Diagram courtesy of http//biochemistryquestions. wordpress. co m/2008/07/15/induced-fit-model-of-enzyme-substrate-interaction/ Diagram courtesy of http//biochemistryquestions. wordpress. o m/2008/07/15/induced-fit-model-of-enzyme-substrate-interaction/ In general, if there is an increase in substrate concentration, then more enzymes will be catalysing the chemical reaction and the overall rate of reaction will increase. It will continue to increase until all enzymes are actively binding substrate (called saturation), at which point no further increase in rate can occur, no matter how high you raise the substrate concentration. In my investigation into enzyme response to temperature this graph will be of relevant. Diagram courtesy of http//www. sc. org/Education/Te achers/Resources/cfb/enzymes. htm Diagram courtesy of http//www. rsc. org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/enzymes. htm Denatured Denatured Denaturing Denaturing Less kinetic energy so the reaction slows down. Less kinetic energy so the reaction slows down. This graph illustrates the response that rate of enzyme activity has at various temperatures. At lower temperatures the rate is very low as there isnt sufficient kinetic energy for the enzyme to work at its optimum, then you of course have the enzymes temperature optimum where the enzyme works best at.Finally you have the denaturing of the enzyme which eventually halts with the enzyme being only denatured where it then will never have any activity. Collision Theory For a chemical reaction to occur, the reactant particles must collide. But collisions that do not have enough energy do not produce a reaction. The particles must have enough energy for the collision to be prospered in producing a reaction. The rate of reaction depe nds on the rate of successful collisions mingled with reactant particles. So the less successful collisions that occurs the less products created. Diagram courtesy of ttp//www. worthington-biochem. com/introbiochem/tempeffects. html Diagram courtesy of http//www. worthington-biochem. com/introbiochem/tempeffects. html The reason as to why particles may have or may not have enough energy to create products depends on the amount of kinetic energy in the particles. Hence why at lower temperatures the enzyme becomes inactive as there isnt a high enough temperature to create the necessary kinetic energy to create the products. As the temperature increases so does the rate which is due to more kinetic energy and hence more successful collisions. H An enzyme can also denature upon extreme pHs. with the extreme pHs being 1 and 14, the enzyme would denature due to the hydrogen acids within the pHs damaging the amino acid bonds within the enzyme. By damaging these bonds, the amino acids brea k apart, this in turn means that the enzymes active site will lose its shape, resulting in the denaturing of the enzyme. Henceforth, the optimum pH is in the middle of the pH spectrum as neutral pHs are unable to damage the bonds of the amino acids holding the enzyme capable of reaction.Preliminary method acting a. Get a test pipework for each temperature being askd. b. Add 5 drops, using a pipette, of phenolphthalein to the test tube. c. Measure out 5 cm3of milk using a standard piston chamber and add this to the test tube. d. Measure out 7 cm3of atomic number 11 carbonate solution using another public house cylinder and add this to the test tube. The solution should be pink. e. Place a thermometer in the test tube. f. Place the test tube in a water bath and leave until the contents prepare the analogous temperature as the water bath. g.Remove the thermometer from the test tube and replace it with a glass rod. h. hire the 2 cm3pipette to measure out 1 cm3of lipase from t he beaker in the water bath for the temperature you are investigating. i. Add the lipase to the test tube and start the stopwatch. k. Stir the contents of the test tube until the solution loses its pink colour. l. Stop the clock/ watch and note the time in a suitable table of results. *A find was also investigated by having a test tube with the sodium carbonate, phenolphthalein and milk but without the lipase.This is to test as to whether the solution would turn from pink to white disregarding of whether the enzyme was present or not. This was the original method which was apply to carry out the preliminary investigation, however upon consideration it was decided that for the real practical a slenderly alternate method should be used. In our edited method we made the changes of firstly, on putting the lipase into the water bath, this was be bear heating up the solution instead is to investigate the effects of the temperature of the solution as oppose to how the temperature of th e enzyme effects.Secondly it was decided upon that we would not stir the contents for two reasons firstly because by stirring the solution it spread the lipase around more which in effect speed the reaction up so much that it was impossible to time secondly, by stirring the contents it often made the solution over flow which both made a untidiness and caused the volume of the contents to decrease. Finally it was decided that we were to limit the amount of temperatures being investigated as temperatures below 22? the enzyme was inactive hence taking too long to record the time it took for the solution to turn white, at temperatures over 55? c the enzyme, the lipase enzyme would be denaturing hence taking too long to be able to record as well. Final Method a. Get a test tube for each temperature being investigated. b. Add 5 drops, using a pipette, of phenolphthalein to the test tube. c. Measure out 5 cm3of milk using a quantity cylinder and add this to the test tube. d. Measure out 7 cm3of sodium carbonate solution using another beat cylinder and add this to the test tube.The solution should be pink. e. Place a thermometer in the test tube. f. Place the test tube, containing only the lipase enzyme, in a water bath and leave until the contents reach the same temperature as the water bath. g. Remove the thermometer from the test tube. h. Use the 2 cm3pipette to measure out 1 cm3of lipase from the beaker in the water bath for the temperature you are investigating. i. Add the lipase to the test tube and start the stopwatch. k. Stop the clock/ watch and note the time in a suitable table of results. A control was also investigated by having a test tube with the sodium carbonate, phenolphthalein and milk but without the lipase. This is to test as to whether the solution would turn from pink to white irrespective of whether the enzyme was present or not. Such changes were made in an attempt to im record the validity of the investigation. As is in the nature of an inv estigation it is impossible to make the results tout ensemble accurate and precise. What we can do however is improve the reproducibility and reliability of our results by repetition the test multiple times. pretend Assessment Substance Hazard Risk Risk rating* Emergency action Phenolphthalein LOW HAZARD Although it is not hazardous one should take precaution avoiding sputter contamination. 1 If in striking with eyes then flood eyes with water to wash it out. Lipase HAZARD If in contact with skin it can cause an itch. If soul were to have an hypersensitive reaction to lipase it could cause symptoms such as rashes. 1 Seek emergency assistance if you believe you are having an allergic reaction to lipase. However wash it mutilate as quickly as possible. Sodium Carbonate IRRITANT Sodium carbonate contributes to three major hazards skin irritation, eye damage and internal effects. 3 If swallowed, drink two or more glasses of water or milk. If in contact with skin use a cloth to wipe the sodium carbonate or rinse with water and if contact with eyes rinse thoroughly. Milk LOW HAZARD If in contact with skin it can cause an itch, however some people may have an allergic reaction to the substance. 2 Acting in accordance to the severity of the reaction, one should wash it off as quickly as possible. Water HAZARD As the temperature of water we are to use will range between 10c-80c yearning water may come in contact with us and burn ones skin. 2 If hot water comes in contact with ones skin one must rinse thoroughly with cold water to prevent further burning. Test Tubes HAZARD If one were to drop a test tube, it would be very likely for it to smash, disintegrating over the floor which could then cut someones foot. 2 If there is to be a broken test tube on the floor one must alert a member of staff and sweep the area whilst restricting anyone from crossing until one has finished illumination the area. Kettle LOW HAZARD If one were to knock a kettle over whilst boiling water the contents would spill and henceforth burn someone or something. 1 Keep the kettle away from electrics and other peoples working areas. *Risk rating out of /5 Generic precautions As in all practicals one must always take precaution of what is at hand, moreover it is obligatory to wear goggles to protect the eyes and to subvert the risk of skin contact one can wear disposable gloves.Another precaution to take is to ensure that no obstacles obstruct your movement as one may then spill a substance or break a piece of frame-up, a basic step is to push in all stools and to stand up when you do a practical. In addition a class should always leave their bags at the back of the classroom and put digression planners and books making a clear workstation. Any spills, accidents or injuries should be dealt with immediately and informationrm a member of staff. Review of Evidence The shape of the graph resembles that of the rate of enzyme activity graph on page 3, an arc. With the shape of the graph being similar to an arc, it displays clearly that there is a definite optimum to the rate of lipases activity and the stages of inactivity and denaturing. The optimum temperature of lipase on this rate graph was the same in both my preliminary info and my real results selective information which was 30c and in both instances the shapes of the graphs do resemble that of an arc. In the preliminary graph, the range bars were rather extensive for example, at 35c the end between the highest (non-anomaly) result and the lowest was 0. 13 in rate.These inaccurate results could have been due to multiple factors with the more obvious being either human error or faulty equipment. By having such a difference in results it only justified the changes which we had made for the real investigation. When looking back upon my original hypothesis, it stated that before the optimum temperature the rates would gradually increase due to the lack of kinetic energy provided fr om the heat. Upon reviewing the graph it is clearly illustrated that there is an increase in rate from temperatures 22c-30c with an increase of 0. 26 in rate. I also predicted that the optimum temperature would be 37c, due to the fact that lipase operates in the human body and the human bodys temperature should be 37c. By analysing the evidence of which the graph presents it tells me that the highest rate of reaction was that of 30c, convey this was the optimum temperature. Finally, I predicted that once the optimum was exceeded, the rates would begin to decrease as they cannot function at such temperatures due to the breaking in the peptide bonds that holds the amino acids together.Once this bond is broken, the enzyme is reduced to its primary structure which is just peptide bonds occurring the functional structure of the enzyme is lost and it is no longer functional denatured. After the optimum temperature, which was 30c, the rate of reaction began to decline as the temperatures increased. Henceforth, my foretelling was right in tell aparting that once the optimum temperature had been passed the denaturing process would begin to take place, meaning the rates of reactions would become slower.Upon looking back at my quantifiable prediction, which stated that at 45c will be half that of 30c. However, the decrease in rate was far more drastic then I had predicted. (Rate of 30c was 0. 032 rate of 45c was 0. 005. ) This means that the process of denaturing was far quicker than I had previously predicted which in turn means that my quantitative was incorrect. However, if I were to replace the 45c figure in my initial quantitative prediction with 35c it could then be pat as the rate of 35c was 0. 011 (30c-0. 032. )In addition, I would further modify my initial prediction bySecondary data By analysing the provided secondary data I shall be able to further prove or disprove the evidence that I had preserve. By being able to prove my data with secondary data wh ich has the same outcome and conclusion it proves that that the data is repeatable as there are externally recorded results that support the results that I had recorded. Figure 4 courtesy of http//www. currentscience. info/upload/IssuesFile/29_issues_Article%2010. pdf Figure 4 courtesy of http//www. currentscience. info/upload/IssuesFile/29_issues_Article%2010. pdfFigure 3 courtesy of http//www. google. co. uk/url? sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=7ved=0CGIQFjAGurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. diagnosisp. com%2Fdp%2Fjournals%2Fview_pdf. php%3Fjournal_id%3D1%26archive%3D0%26issue_id%3D31%26article_id%3D1135ei=nrjEUJ2XC8HJ0AXPy4DACQusg=AFQjCNEb15WjPAyJMMgCDAjs3ZaorsN3qgsig2=mf7h7XRNBjWBD3cdMS2v-w Figure 3 courtesy of http//www. google. co. uk/url? sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=7ved=0CGIQFjAGurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. diagnosisp. com%2Fdp%2Fjournals%2Fview_pdf. hp%3Fjournal_id%3D1%26archive%3D0%26issue_id%3D31%26article_id%3D1135ei=nrjEUJ2XC8HJ0AXPy4DACQusg=AFQjCNEb15WjPAyJMMgCDAjs3ZaorsN3qgsig2=mf7h7XRN BjWBD3cdMS2v-w Figure 1 (left) 2 (above) courtesy of http//www. slideshare. net/wkkok1957/effect-of-temperature-on-lipase-activity-using-ph-sensor Figure 1 (left) 2 (above) courtesy of http//www. slideshare. net/wkkok1957/effect-of-temperature-on-lipase-activity-using-ph-sensor Comparing the data sets As is clearly shown in all of the above figures there is a clear optimum. In terms of the optimum temperature, it ranges from 35c (figure 2 3) to 25c (figure 4. Whereas in the recorded data that I had collated, it was 30c with the rate for 35c being significantly less than half of the rate for 30c. When comparing the rates at 20-25c another difference in rate had occurred as you can bring down in figures 1, 2, 3 4 there isnt such a sharp increase in rates whereas in my own results there is a steep increase in rate between 22c and 30c, a difference of 0. 026. ) Moreover, in terms of the temperature at which the lipase denatures also varied as the denatured point in figure 3 is at 5 0c whereas the temperature at which the lipase denatured in my investigation was at 55c.Finally in terms of the shape of the graphs you can see that in figure 2 the shape of the graph is of a rather steady contour oppose to the sharp point that is of my graph shape. The foremost reason as to what caused such differences was the fact that the secondary investigations used an alternate for example in figures 1 2 the method utilised was slightly different as they used more accurate pieces of apparatus for example they used a micropipette to measure the sodium carbonate into the test tube which would ensure for far more accurate measurements then I had made.Secondly they used a pH canvass a Logger Pro to detect the change in the milk which would also prove for much more accurate readings in comparison to spy the change with the eye as we cannot see the entire of the solution and we, henceforth, could record a shorter or longer time to the actual figure as we would essentially be gues sing as oppose to knowing when the reaction was definitely complete. On the remote however, they only repeated each temperature 3 times so as to collect triplicate data.In conclusion I would say that by analysing secondary data it does support my data in its general dash but in terms of individual figures, inactivity and denatured points I am unable to conduct and justify that my investigation is completely reproducible. I must say that in all, I would say that the reason as to why there is a difference in the primary data and secondary data is due to multiple factors such as alternate methods, alternate apparatus and an alternate working environment.However, in total, I do feel confident in saying that my results are reproducible to such an extent that it can resemble that of the actual figures and graph shape. valuation of errors I believe that the changes made to the preliminary method for the real investigation did improve the overall accuracy of the data in the real results data. However, in the results there were many outliers that were recorded, six in total. These errors and possible inaccuracies were made possible by such factors as human error, equipment error and technique rror. In terms of human error we may have made the mistake of timing the reaction wrong because the people who are timing the investigation may time it wrong. Secondly, there may be a difference in opinion in when the reaction would have fully completed as one may say that the solution still contains traces of pink yet another may say that the solution has no traces left. Finally, there could have been the human error of inaccurately measuring the portions of the solution.In terms of equipment error, sometimes the water baths were unable to heat the solution to the specified temperature of which were trying to investigate which would then have the effect of us collating alternate data to what we should have got, this would then alter our rate bars as they be higher or lower. Furthermore, there may no longer have been a real difference in the datas even if there was supposed to be. Secondly, our portions of the solution may have been measured inaccurately as the measuring cylinders used may have not been accurate enough for us to get precise measurements.On top of this, whilst using the pipette to measure the contents into the measuring cylinder, air bubbles were created which then alter our results as we would then be measuring a different quantity as opposed to the proposed temperature. Finally such technique errors occurred such as the lipase may have not spread equally amongst the solution which would have left a section of the solution untouched by the enzyme. Furthermore as we took the lipase out of the water bath the temperature of the lipase would either increase or decrease if above or below the room temperature.To improve the accuracies and reliabilities of the data collected and to reduce the errors as is mentioned above I would make such alte rations to the existing method -To ensure that the lipase truly got to the temperature that it was supposed to be at an onward motion would be as to set the temperature of each water bath 3c higher than what was prepared for which would make it easier for the lipase to heat up to the specified temperature. To increase the accuracy and eliminate the of measuring incorrectly the solution ingredients an improvement could be to use a syringe as oppose to a pipette as the pipette cant measure as accurately as a syringe because whilst using the pipette bubbles where constantly created which made it incredibly problematical to then accurately measure the contents that were to be measured in. -As is the nature of foods and drinks the milk would eventually surpass the date hat it was meant to be consumed by. However this means that the bacteria within the milk may function in a different manner because the bacteria uses the milk sugar sugars to reproduce, they change it from lactose sugar into lactose acid, which tastes sour and it becomes a huge food borne illness risk to consume it and it must be discarded. Instead then we can use such alternatives as UHT or powdered milk as they have longer life spans because more of the bacteria is removed. To remove the factor of misjudgement whilst trying to detect as to whether the solution has lost all traces of pink an improvement can be to use a pH probe next time as the pH probe could then accurately detect once the reaction has completely finished by seeing when the figures stop changing on the pH probe. Improven Method a. Get a test tube for each temperature being investigated. b. Add 5 drops, using a pipette, of phenolphthalein to the test tube. c. Measure out 5 cm3of milk using a measuring cylinder and add this to the test tube. . Measure out 7 cm3of sodium carbonate solution using another measuring cylinder and add this to the test tube. The solution should be pink. e. Place a thermometer in the test tube. f. Place t he test tube in a water bath and leave until the contents reach the same temperature as the water bath. g. Remove the thermometer from the test tube and replace it with a glass rod. h. Use the 3 cm3syringe to measure out 1 cm3of lipase from the beaker in the water bath for the temperature you are investigating. . Add the lipase to the test tube and start the stopwatch. k. Using the pH mebibyte wait until it displays that no pink resides in the solution. l. Stop the clock/ watch and note the time in a suitable table of results. *A control was also investigated by having a test tube with the sodium carbonate, phenolphthalein and milk but without the lipase. This is to test as to whether the solution would turn from pink to white disregarding of whether the enzyme was present or not. Evaluation of proceduresWhen analysing and evaluating the procedures I shall divide the section into four sectors preciseness, accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility. Precision refers to how well ex perimental data and values agree with each other in multiple tests. 1 The only evidence to demonstrate the precision of the data is the range bars. All range bars excluding 30c 0. 001, however for 30c the range is 0. 001. This proves that the precision of the data was quite good with the exception of the data for 30c.By having a small range in data it exemplifies precision of the data as they are all within a similar region of figures. However with 30c the data was rather spread meaning that the results for 30c degrees were not precise due to the fact that my range bar is rather spread when compared to the likes of the data from 22c where the range bar is a quarter of the size of the range bar for 30c. This provides me with the necessary evidence to believe that the rest of my results were precise, with the results for 30c being the exception.The ability to support consistent results when measuring the same part with the same measuring instrument. 2 Upon considering the repeatabili ty of this investigation one can say that the results are most certainly repeatable as the data resembles that of which others have collated and that of the preliminary data. If one were to repeat the investigation with the improved method then the investigation is, with no doubt, repeatable as the evidence lies within the secondary data that supports the data of which I have collated. Accuracy refers to the correctness of a single measurement.Accuracy is determined by comparing the measurement against the true or accepted value. 3 Although there is nothing we can do to improve the accuracy per say, we can, for example, remove outliers that do not share any resemblance to that of the true value, we are able to make more accurate calculations as to what the average is because we are taking out a value that does not mean anything to the true value. By doing so in my calculations it not only improved the accuracy of the results but it also exemplified how some factors could change the results so drastically.This demonstrates that although we can control most factors that alters the results we cant completely control them as there are endless factors as to what can affect the results recorded, for example the room temperature could affect the results is could have alter or cooled the solution. By controlling the variables of which were possible to control we did all that was possible for us to do in order of making the investigation valid. Furthermore, by repeating the outliers again to get a new set of results it would provide for a more accurate average.This is something that was not done due to the lack of time duplicability is one of the main principles of the scientific method, and refers to the ability of a test or experiment to be accurately reproduced, or replicated, by someone else working independently. 4 If the results were to be reproducible then it would be possible to look at secondary data and see that it closely resembles that of the results I hav e provided. When comparing my results to that of peers of who are carrying at the same investigation there is most certainly a resemblance in the overall shape of the graph.Although the rates may differ the general trend of the graph does suggest the same conclusion that there is a definite optimum at around 30c-35c. http//www. slideshare. net/wkkok1957/effect-of-temperature-on-lipase-activity-using-ph-sensor -this is a link to someone elses investigation and results (Tony Hong), from this link you are able to see Tonys investigation and results that follow a similar method as to mine. With this it is possible to see the results and henceforth make a conclusion as to whether my results are reproducible.By looking at his data, it displays clearly that the optimum temperature that he got was 35c whereas in my investigation it was 30c. Furthermore it seems as if that his rates seem to be considerably higher than that of mine. For example, at 35c the rate was 0. 011 whereas Tony got 0. 00038 (s-1. ) In conclusion, it could be express that although my graph does follow the general trend of having a definite optimum and the stages of inactivity and denaturing. However, the actual figures did vary from what I had collated meaning that my investigations results are most probably not reproducible.Outliers As is seen in the result tables the outliers have been circled which were then excluded when calculating the averages for it could completely change the course of the results for if they were to be used as valid results whilst calculating the average it would transform what the real results were originally presenting. Such outliers occurred due to infinite factors, however there were factors of which were attempted at being controlled as is mentioned in Page 1. Overall there was a total of six recorded anomalies, this not only had the effect of creating inaccuracies but also difficulties n detecting which figure was of the figures and which were of the anomalies. Alt hough there was the option of using a 10% lean way which would provide for a fixed bracket as to which the figures can fall into, to what would the 10% lean way be from if we didnt know which figure was the anomaly. The only way to resolve this problem would be to repeat the anomalies in order to attain figures which support the other figures better. Conclusion In summary I believe that the investigation that I had carried out was rather successful in that it proved that there is a definite optimum temperature as to when lipase works at its best.It also illustrated the stages of inactivity and denaturing. However, the theoretical optimum should be approximately 37c the optimum that was recorded was 30c which would suggests that there were systematic errors. If I were to repeat the same investigation again I would most certainly make some alterations in the method so as to improve the overall validity of the investigation. Such alterations to the method would be to use more accurate apparatus such as a pH probe to detect the reaction and a micropipette so as to improve the accuracy of the measurements of the solution contents. Bibliography http//www. lideshare. net/wkkok1957/effect-of-temperature-on-lipase-activity-using-ph-sensor -How will changing the temperature affect the rate of lipase activity of digesting milk fat into fatty acid and glycerol measured using a pH probe? 03/12/2012 Rating A university degree investigation that seems rather professional. The investigator is an IB student. 8/10 http//www. worthington-biochem. com/introbiochem/tempeffects. html-Introduction to Enzymes. /11/2012 Rating Worthington Biochemical Corporation was founded in 1947 for the purpose of preparing enzymes for the outgrowth biochemical research community.The article was excerpted from a very popular Worthington publication which was originally published in 1972 as the Manual of Clinical Enzyme Measurements. While some of the presentation may seem somewhat dated, the basi c concepts are still helpful for researchers who must use enzymes but who have little background in enzymology. 9/10 http//www. rsc. org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/enzymes. htm Enzyme. /11/2012 Rating The site is aimed at students above the age of 16 who are taking Biology for further studying. It is also of use to first year undergraduates studying biology.It assumes that you have studied some chemistry. The website is supported by the Royal Society of Chemistry. 10/10 http//biochemistryquestions. wordpress. co m/2008/07/15/induced-fit-model-of-enzyme-substrate-interaction/ -Induced fit model of Enzyme-Substrate interaction. /11/2012 Rating The biochemistry questions site is a free Biochemistry Question Bank for medical students and FMG. It is a forum where one asks a question for someone else to answer your question. It is an open source meaning that answers can derive from anywhere. 6/10 http//www. iley. com/college/boyer/0470003790/reviews/kinetics/kinetics_effectors. ht m -Elementary Kinetics. /11/2012 Rating This site is think to supplement and extend the critical concepts presented in the Boyer textbooks. Both students and instructors at the site are encouraged to explore the world of biochemistry through multi-media. http//students. cis. uab. edu/clight/finalprojectwhatisanenzyme. html -What are Enzymes? /11/2012 Rating Virtual chembook Elmhurst College. The site is based upon Charles E. Ophardt, Elmhurst College, findings.There is very little background to the website besides the fact that it was founded in 2003 by Charles E. Ophardt himself. 7/10 http//www. rsc. org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/enzymes. htm -Enzymes. /11/2012 Rating To see the rating for this website please look back through the bibliography to find the rating for the same website. 1 http//chemistry. about. com/od/chemistryglossary/g/Precision-Definition. htm -Precision Definition. 03/12/2012 Rating The exposition was written by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph. D. 10/10

Warrior Leader Course Pa

December 2008 MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD down Warrior Leader contour Welcome Letter 1. Congratulations on your selection to attend the Warrior Leader Course at the 3rd BN, 166TH Regiment at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania. You will cover up between the hours of 0800 and 2200 on the ATRRS report date. 2. Effective 10 August 2006 soldiers attending WLC are still essential to meet the APFT and HT/WT requirements.However, soldiers who meet donnish course requirements, but fail the APFT or HT/WT standards, will be considered a course graduate downstairs the category of marginally achieved course standards. 3. Soldiers that have returned from OIF/OEF at heart 90 days of reporting to WLC are required to take the APFT. However, prior to the test you will have the option to have the PT test take towards your academic average or not. Soldiers in this category need either their DD 214 or a catalogue from their commander stating that they returned from deployment with in the last 90 days. . Physical requirements for this course are very demanding. Students must be able to pass the APFT, meet HT/WT standards, carry a 50 pound combat load, low crawl, laid-back crawl, rush for three to five seconds, walk a minimum of 2 miles with combat load and conduct rough terrain under varying climatic conditions. 5. Soldiers who have a permanent profile designator 3 or 4 must include a copy of their DA Form 3349 and the results of their military medical palingenesis board (MMRB) as part of their course application.Soldiers who have met the previous criteria may attend WLC and train within the limits of their permanent profile, provided they can otherwise meet course prerequisites and graduation requirements. Soldiers with temporary profiles, with the exception of shaving or nonperformance deterring profiles who have participated in OIF/ OEF can attend WLC provided they have a copy of their current profile and memorandum bearing the commanders signature stating that the temporar y profile exists as a result of injuries during participation in OIF/ OEF.

Battle of Monmouth

June of 1778, General cap is planning to attack General Sir Henry Clinton and his troops as they march from Philadelphia to brand-new York. Washington displace 5,000 men with Major General Charles lee(prenominal) to attack the British rear guard. Lee is forced to retreat, besides Washington is ready for the British with the main army. In the end the both sides had claimed victory. Near Monmouth County Courthouse, the battle was fought on June 28, 1778. The weather was so hot on the day of the battle that many soldiers suffered from heat stroke.Many of Washingtons officers favored his plans to attack General Clinton, but Major General Lee was against it. Lee felt that later on their alliance with the French, that they shouldnt attack the British unless they have overwhelming superiority. Washington decided to send 4,000 men to attack Clintons rear guard, Lee turned down command of the force. After Washington raised the standard of men to 5,000, Lee demanded to be given command . Lee was given strict orders to hold a concussion to determine the plan of attack with his officers.During the meeting, Lee told the officers to be alert for orders during the battle instead of planning it out. When they encountered the British, Lee quickly lost control. After this the British moved to flank Lees men, when Lee saying this he ordered a retreat. Washington had been bringing the main army up when he see Lees forces retreating. Washington located Lee and dismissed him after not receiving a capable answer as to what had happened. Washington rallied Lees men and held off the British just vast enough to set positions in the west. After fighting till sometime in the late afternoon, the British retreated.Washington hoped to pursue but his men were exhausted from fighting all day in the heat. The Battle of Monmouth was the detain major battle fought in the north during the war. After the battle the British had held up in New York and focused on the southern colonies. L ee requested a court martial to prove his white from any wrong doings after the battle. Washington then filed formal charges against Lee, where he was found disgraced and suspended. During the Battle a woman who was bringing water to American artillery men is said to of interpreted over firing for her husband when he had fallen.

Monetary policy

However, lot of amount commerce is still low due to the fact that numbers of Australians work in the work sector. The esteem of unemployment come out was also misleading due to the assumption of that paid work of wizard hour a workweek means the persons is classified as employed (Henry Thornton, 2013 ). Employment in manufacturing has been declining dramatically ( vermiform appendix 10) and the total number of manufacturing hypothesize losses under the Rued and Gaillardia Governments to 143,300. (Sophie Memorable, 2012) Besides, the laid-back exchange rate of Australia due to digging shell make the merchandise sees competitive and make it costly for contrary comp both to purchase.The industry other than mine such as manufacturing, tourism and overseas enrolment in Australia has experienced signifi substructuretly reduced in export income. Theres an compendium from the Australia Institute that state out the rural areas farmers agree lost $43. 5 billion in export inco me since the mining boom pushed the Australian dollar to historic highs, suffering a 41 per centime vagabond in export earnings since the boom began (The Australian Institute, 2013). The manufacturing index slumped 6. 9 points 40. 3, the stakes recital since June 2009 and fifth drop in six months (SMS, 2012).A depreciation of ADD is likely to put upward squeeze on the rate of swelling. A lower dollar appends the price paid on imports, leading to an cast up in merchandise inflation. The mining boom which is cooling has contributed to the depreciated ADD and caused Australia in a dangerous redact and struggling and expecting a recession (Henry Thornton, 2013). Implication for Monetary and Fiscal Policy The Australian Dollar has ascending over decades non only because of stinting boom, but also thank to the effort of Australian disposal on pecuniary insurance.During Global Financial Crisis, many countries all around the world has suffered in economic growth. However, Austral ia has done slightly well and has indirectly contribute to the rising of ADD. This is due to ARAB signifi weedtly increased of aggregated Exchange colonization (SE) balances to a peak of $1 Billion, which usually runs at $1 billion. As the parsimoniousness enters a general Liquidity Stage, the central banks become the lender of last resort (LOUR), this succeedd banks liquidity to reinforcing stimulus themselves in a period of tough pecuniary condition (Varian Chafer, 2009).Over the course of the cuisines cycle, the ARAB continually tighten and bait monetary policy in order to prevent inflation spilling over its 2-3% average target range. ( attachment 11). The inflation target is the primary(prenominal) guide for monetary policy decisions, and achieving that goal takes priority over other goals. The savvy why Australia governing body want to keep inflation rate low is to stabilize the real income, arrive up the parsimoniousness and enhance surface areas competitiveness (RUG Barron, 2013). In terms of fiscal policy, giving medication under Gaillardia has failed to run it well.Competitiveness of Australias on-mining sectors has slumping due to high company income tax (30%) as compared to other Asian competitor, for example, Singapore (15%) and government did non spent currency wisely on infrastructure which would attract investor. In my own opinion, Australians new government under Tony Abbott should stripe down the taxes from income. The action mentioned earlier can boost up the amount of the involvement of labor ability in Australia. When the worker knows that they are going to have a great earning on their real income, more(prenominal) of them are go outing to come out to work in different industry. addendum 12 shows increased in labor supply (supply rev moves to right) when theres tax cut. This is following by the increase in Real piggish Domestic Product. When more labor is involve in an industry, more output is produced and leads to increase in rupture accompaniment 13. Besides, government should spend more on infrastructure, introducing new technology facilitating investment monetary resource to attract the investor from foreign republic to invest in Australia to increase Aggregate supply and contributes to higher GAP. appendix 2 accompaniment 3 Appendix 4 Appendix 5 Appendix 6 Appendix 7 Appendix 8 Appendix 9 Appendix 10 Appendix 1 Appendix 12 Appendix 13Monetary Policy2. Some economists suspect that one of the reasons that economies in maturation countries grow so slowly is that they do not have well-developed pecuniary markets. Does this argument make reek? Yes it does make star since the financial markets have a big role in a countrys thriftiness and has a greater affect on it if its working well or not (channeling the cash in hand to people who go out use them effectively and productively).When a country works its financial markets in an efficient way (having the right investments, having ov er hunting money supply to better develop the country with its education, health, and infrastructure, and also enough to give for entrepreneurs to help develop the country, etc. ) it volition defiantly affect the country positively and result in having a faster developing country. 4. If you suspect that a company will go fall in next year, which would you earlier hold, bonds issued by the company or equities issued by the company? wherefore?I would rather hold bonds than equities because a company will pay whatever left of their summations to their bondholders forrader their shareholders since bonds are forms of debt therefor bondholders have claim on a companys assets before shareholders (owners). 11. How can the adverse survival of the fittest problem explain why you are more likely to make a loan to a family member than to a stranger? Adverse alternative is the problem created by irregular instruction (when one society doesnt have enough information about the other pa rty to make an complete decision) before the work of a loan occurs.So making a loan with a family member is better, or most likely to occur, rather than with a stranger because one will have more information available (knowing their honesty, risk tolerance and more, and also easier contact) with a family member than a stranger, which will help him/her (the lender) vacate the adverse selection problem. 16. In a world without information cost and transaction costs, financial intermediaries would not exist Is this statement true, false, or uncertain? Explain your answer. Uncertain.Information costs and transaction costs are twain of the main reasons why financial intermediaries exist, so if these two costs fall, people will lend and arrogate at zero cost and so they wont be needing any financial intermediary. Nonetheless, financial intermediaries do have other functions such as enhancing individual and national income done interest or dividend on the lenders surplus fund. Enhanc ing the GDP of a country done using the bullion in a more productive way. They create capital for the country through the nest egg flow they receive.They help determine the price of traded financial assets through buyers and sellers, and based on the submit and supply. They also provide a sign for the allocation of coin. And finally they provide selling mechanism on financial asset to offer the benefit of marketability and liquidity of such assets. 17. Why might you be volition to make a loan to your inhabit by putting funds in a savings account earning a 5% interest rate at the bank and having the bank lend her the funds at a 10% interest rate rather than lend her the funds yourself? To avoid crooked information (adverse selection and moral hazard) and to decrease transaction cost.Putting funds in a bank has no risk and not let one worry about having enough information about his/her neighbor (asymmetric information). If for example I lend my neighbor $100 and the chances fo r him/her to pay me back were 50%, then my pass judgment return would be $55 100* (1+10%)*50% + 0*50%. But if I deposited my funds in a saving account, my expected return would be $105 100*(1+5%). And that is because banks as intermediaries are more surefooted on providing better-expected return by diversifying their risk. Banks also have better resources on monitor their borrowers actions therefor they can avoid the asymmetric information problems.Monetary policyHowever, share of total employment is still low due to the fact that numbers of Australians work in the services sector. The rate of unemployment rate was also misleading due to the assumption of that paid work of one hour a week means the persons is classified as employed (Henry Thornton, 2013 ). Employment in manufacturing has been declining dramatically (Appendix 10) and the total number of manufacturing Job losses under the Rued and Gaillardia Governments to 143,300. (Sophie Memorable, 2012) Besides, the high exchange rate of Australia due to mining boom make the export sees competitive and make it costly for foreign company to purchase.The industry other than mining such as manufacturing, tourism and overseas enrolment in Australia has experienced significantly reduced in export income. Theres an analysis from the Australia Institute that state out the countrys farmers have lost $43. 5 billion in export income since the mining boom pushed the Australian dollar to historic highs, suffering a 41 per cent drop in export earnings since the boom began (The Australian Institute, 2013). The manufacturing index slumped 6. 9 points 40. 3, the stakes reading since June 2009 and fifth drop in six months (SMS, 2012).A depreciation of ADD is likely to put upward pressure on the rate of inflation. A lower dollar increases the price paid on imports, leading to an increase in imported inflation. The mining boom which is cooling has contributed to the depreciated ADD and caused Australia in a dangerous position and struggling and expecting a recession (Henry Thornton, 2013). Implication for Monetary and Fiscal Policy The Australian Dollar has rising over decades not only because of economic boom, but also thank to the effort of Australian government on monetary policy.During Global Financial Crisis, many countries all around the world has suffered in economic growth. However, Australia has done pretty well and has indirectly contribute to the rising of ADD. This is due to ARAB significantly increased of Aggregate Exchange Settlement (SE) balances to a peak of $1 Billion, which usually runs at $1 billion. As the economy enters a Systemic Liquidity Stage, the central banks become the lender of last resort (LOUR), this provided banks liquidity to support themselves in a period of tough financial condition (Varian Chafer, 2009).Over the course of the cuisines cycle, the ARAB continually tighten and loosen monetary policy in order to prevent inflation spilling over its 2-3% average target rang e. (Appendix 11). The inflation target is the main guide for monetary policy decisions, and achieving that goal takes priority over other goals. The reason why Australia government want to keep inflation rate low is to stabilize the real income, drive up the economy and enhance countrys competitiveness (RUG Barron, 2013). In terms of fiscal policy, government under Gaillardia has failed to perform it well.Competitiveness of Australias on-mining sectors has slumping due to high company income tax (30%) as compared to other Asian competitor, for example, Singapore (15%) and government did not spent money wisely on infrastructure which would attract investor. In my own opinion, Australians new government under Tony Abbott should cut down the taxes from income. The action mentioned earlier can boost up the amount of the participation of labor force in Australia. When the worker knows that they are going to have a great earning on their real income, more of them are willing to come out t o work in different industry.Appendix 12 shows increased in labor supply (supply rev moves to right) when theres tax cut. This is following by the increase in Real Gross Domestic Product. When more labor is involve in an industry, more output is produced and leads to increase in GAP Appendix 13. Besides, government should spend more on infrastructure, introducing new technology facilitating investment to attract the investor from foreign country to invest in Australia to increase Aggregate supply and contributes to higher GAP. Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Appendix 5 Appendix 6 Appendix 7 Appendix 8 Appendix 9 Appendix 10 Appendix 1 Appendix 12 Appendix 13Monetary Policy2. Some economists suspect that one of the reasons that economies in developing countries grow so slowly is that they do not have well-developed financial markets. Does this argument make sense? Yes it does make sense since the financial markets have a big role in a countrys economy and has a greater affect on it if its working well or not (channeling the funds to people who will use them efficiently and productively).When a country works its financial markets in an efficient way (having the right investments, having enough money supply to better develop the country with its education, health, and infrastructure, and also enough to give for entrepreneurs to help develop the country, etc. ) it will defiantly affect the country positively and result in having a faster developing country. 4. If you suspect that a company will go bankrupt next year, which would you rather hold, bonds issued by the company or equities issued by the company? Why?I would rather hold bonds than equities because a company will pay whatever left of their assets to their bondholders before their shareholders since bonds are forms of debt therefor bondholders have claim on a companys assets before shareholders (owners). 11. How can the adverse selection problem explain why you are more likely to make a loan to a family member than to a stranger? Adverse selection is the problem created by asymmetric information (when one party doesnt have enough information about the other party to make an accurate decision) before the transaction of a loan occurs.So making a loan with a family member is better, or most likely to occur, rather than with a stranger because one will have more information available (knowing their honesty, risk tolerance and more, and also easier contact) with a family member than a stranger, which will help him/her (the lender) avoid the adverse selection problem. 16. In a world without information costs and transaction costs, financial intermediaries would not exist Is this statement true, false, or uncertain? Explain your answer. Uncertain.Information costs and transaction costs are two of the main reasons why financial intermediaries exist, so if these two costs fall, people will lend and borrow at zero cost and so they wont be needing any financial intermediary. Nonetheless, fina ncial intermediaries do have other functions such as enhancing individual and national income through interest or dividend on the lenders surplus fund. Enhancing the GDP of a country through using the funds in a more productive way. They create capital for the country through the savings flow they receive.They help determine the price of traded financial assets through buyers and sellers, and based on the demand and supply. They also provide a sign for the allocation of funds. And finally they provide selling mechanism on financial asset to offer the benefit of marketability and liquidity of such assets. 17. Why might you be willing to make a loan to your neighbor by putting funds in a savings account earning a 5% interest rate at the bank and having the bank lend her the funds at a 10% interest rate rather than lend her the funds yourself? To avoid asymmetric information (adverse selection and moral hazard) and to decrease transaction cost.Putting funds in a bank has no risk and n ot let one worry about having enough information about his/her neighbor (asymmetric information). If for example I lend my neighbor $100 and the chances for him/her to pay me back were 50%, then my expected return would be $55 100* (1+10%)*50% + 0*50%. But if I deposited my funds in a saving account, my expected return would be $105 100*(1+5%). And that is because banks as intermediaries are more capable on providing better-expected return by diversifying their risk. Banks also have better resources on monitoring their borrowers actions therefor they can avoid the asymmetric information problems.